InstitutionClaim Cited
General Electric coupled decentralized businesses to corporate planning, talent, and financial-review channels. Those channels built managerial capacity and comparability, but repeated control failures show how target pressure and legible numbers can outrun operating, worker, customer, and ecological knowledge.
How can a diversified corporation develop managers, allocate capital, and compare businesses without allowing corporate targets and financial legibility to displace operating truth?
InstitutionClaim Cited
P&G's brand-management system gave focused managers responsibility for a product and joined market sensing, advertising, finance, manufacturing, and distribution around that unit. It developed general managers and responsiveness while creating internal rivalry and incentives to treat consumers and social costs as variables of brand performance.
How can a consumer-products company give focused ownership to a product while sharing manufacturing, research, sales, and corporate capabilities?