InstitutionClaim Cited
The United States used equality and freedom from supervision to justify ending recognition of selected Tribal Nations, withdrawing trust protection and services, transferring jurisdiction, and converting collective assets into taxable or saleable forms; Nations organized against the policy and made restoration and self-determination the replacement doctrine.
How did a policy framed as equal citizenship attempt to dissolve sovereign Nations, and how did those Nations reorganize federal policy around self-determination instead?
Organizational CaseClaim Cited
Indonesia's concession system divided peat landscapes among forestry, pulpwood, oil-palm, conservation, village, and administrative authorities while drainage changed the hydrology shared among them. The system coordinated commodity investment and export but made recurrent fire, haze, carbon release, land conflict, and restoration into cross-boundary problems. Post-2015 reforms began governing peat hydrological units, yet enforcement, tenure, concession transparency, and continuity after the restoration agency's 2024 closure remain unresolved.
How can property and permit boundaries govern a landscape whose water, fire, smoke, and carbon do not respect them?