Pensions

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Pensions

InstitutionClaim Cited

Chile's individual-account pension system

Chile's 1980 pension decree made compulsory worker-funded accounts administered by private AFPs the center of retirement provision. The account attributed contributions and investment balances, but pension amounts remained exposed to wages, contribution density, fees, returns, retirement age, and longevity. State-financed benefits created in 2008 and 2022 and employer-financed pooling enacted in 2025 turned that architecture into a hybrid whose newest effects remain largely prospective.

Can mandatory individual ownership produce adequate retirement income across unequal working lives, or must a pension institution pool the risks that an account records but cannot correct?

Pensions Individual Accounts Social Insurance Financial Markets Retirement

InstitutionClaim Cited

TWA under Carl Icahn

Under and after Carl Icahn's control, TWA used negotiated labor concessions, asset transfers, pension settlement, rescue finance, and long-lived discounted-ticket rights to bridge successive crises. Court records show that these bargains preserved operation at particular moments and also constrained later pricing, planning, and creditor recovery; they do not establish that any single bargain caused TWA's 2001 failure.

When a distressed institution exchanges future operating freedom for present survival, how can anyone tell whether the bargain preserves recovery or consumes it?

Airlines Financial Control Asset Sales Pensions Bankruptcy