InstitutionClaim Cited
Osage guardianship system
Federal law and Oklahoma county courts classified Osage adults by racialized competence, routed mineral income through court-appointed guardians and local professional networks, and created opportunities for fees, fraud, coercion, and theft alongside the inheritance schemes and murders Osage families endured during the Reign of Terror.
How did a system claiming to protect Osage wealth make racialized incapacity, professional custody, and fragmented accountability into opportunities for extraction and lethal violence?