Mediation

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Mediation

InstitutionClaim Cited

ECOWAS and The Gambia's 2016–2017 transition

Gambian voters and the Independent Electoral Commission created a certified succession claim; ECOWAS, the African Union, and the United Nations then coordinated recognition, mediation, coercive diplomacy, and a military deployment that helped transfer power from Yahya Jammeh to Adama Barrow without a sustained battle between Gambian and regional forces. The immediate result is better established than any single causal explanation, the intervention's international-law basis remains disputed, and ECOMIG's continued presence through at least January 2026 turned a bounded electoral guarantee into a contested security and reform mission.

How can a regional body make a small state's election result enforceable when an authoritarian incumbent controls the security apparatus and refuses to leave?

Ecowas The Gambia Electoral Transition Regional Security Mediation

InstitutionClaim Cited

Tunisia's National Dialogue Quartet

In Tunisia's 2013 political crisis, four civil-society organizations with different constituencies—labor, employers, lawyers, and human-rights advocates—used a common roadmap to broker resignation of the governing coalition, completion of a constitution, and elections. The bargain interrupted escalation, but its elite and temporary design could not by itself resolve economic exclusion or make Tunisia's later democratic institutions self-enforcing.

How can institutions outside government stop a constitutional transition from collapsing when elected rivals no longer trust one another enough to sequence resignation, constitution-making, and elections?

Tunisia National Dialogue Civil Society Labor Constitutional Transition