Citizenship

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Citizenship

InstitutionClaim Cited

Athens, 508/7–403 BCE

Between the popular uprising of 508/7 and the democratic restoration of 403 BCE, Athenians turned demes, rotation, sortition, pay, and public deliberation into a durable practice of citizen rule; naval empire, slavery, restricted political membership, and two military-crisis oligarchies reveal both the capacity and the boundary that practice created.

How did Athenians make direct citizen rule an everyday practice, and how did they rebuild it after war enabled two oligarchic seizures of power?

Democracy Citizenship Naval Power Oligarchy Amnesty

Organizational CaseClaim Cited

French Revolution goal

The French Revolution's opening project transferred sovereignty from king and estates to the nation, attacked inherited privilege, and declared equal rights, while leaving unresolved who could exercise citizenship and how popular authority would survive war and faction.

How could a society of inherited estates become a nation of equal citizens without reproducing sovereignty in a new form?