InstitutionClaim Cited
Dawes Act allotment administration
The United States converted collectively held Tribal territories into federally surveyed individual trust parcels, opened land labeled surplus to settlers, and made enrollment, patents, inheritance, taxation, and sale into an administrative system for assimilating Native people and breaking apart sovereign land bases.
How did a program presented as individual property protection turn surveys, rolls, patents, and probate into machinery for dissolving Tribal land and authority?